Hypoglycaemia without diabetes encountered by emergency medical services: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND The current study investigates the incidence, aetiology, and outcome of hypoglycaemia of patients without diabetes in the EMS. METHODS The study was a retrospective cohort study that utilized electronic EMS patient record system (population of one million). All patients encountered by EMS with plasma glucose ≤3.9 mmol/l from 2009 to 2015 were included in the study and hospital records were screened manually to detect possible reasons for hypoglycaemia. Data from the governmental health insurance agency for all residents in Finland was used to reveal the diabetes status of the patients. Survival of the patients was followed from Population register centre up to six years. Serious hypoglycaemia was defined as plasma glucose ≤3.0 mmol/l. RESULTS From EMS cases with a plasma glucose measurement a total of 5467 hypoglycaemic patients without diabetes were encountered by EMS during the study period with an incidence of 1082 (CI95% 1019-1148) per 100,000 inhabitants per year, corresponding 41.6%, (CI95% 40.8-42.3) of all hypoglycaemic patients. Of those patients, 3856 [71.6%, (CI95% 70.4-72.8)] were transported to hospital and 910 [23.2%, (CI95% 22.0-24.6)] had serious hypoglycaemia. The three main diagnosis groups that appeared in the subsequent hospital treatment associated with hypoglycaemia in all transported cases without diabetes as well with serious hypoglycaemia cases were: alcohol abuse [41.2%, (CI95% 39.7-42.8) and 42.2%, (CI95% 39.0-45.4)], hypothermia [17.2%, (CI95% 16.0-18.4) and 27.4%, (CI95% 24.6-30.4)], and malnutrition [16.9%, (CI95% 15.8-18.1) and 25.1%, (CI95% 22.4-28.0)]. Mortality ranged from 0.6-65.4% depending of admission reason and increased significantly at long-term. Non-Diabetics survival was less than with diabetics, when serious hypoglycaemia was present. DISCUSSION The most common possible hypoglycaemia related aetiological causes encountered in the EMS, alcohol abuse, hypothermia, and malnutrition, although frequent are often relatively benign conditions. These possible causes of hypoglycaemia can often be treated at scene or need only short hospital admissions. Hence they are not so prevalent in hospital studies. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycaemia without diabetes is commonly observed among the hypoglycaemic EMS cases. Main causes for it are alcohol abuse, hypothermia, and malnutrition. Mortality correlated with age, higher priority dispatch codes, and plasma glucose rate in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Some of the etiological subgroups carry a markedly high mortality rate.